Kyrgyzstan features a predominantly continental climate with stark seasonal contrasts due to its mountainous terrain, where over 90% of the land exceeds 1,500m elevation. Summers are warm to hot in valleys and mild in highlands, while winters bring severe cold, especially in mountainous areas with temperatures dropping below -30°C. The Köppen classification identifies cold semi-arid (BSk), cold humid continental (Dfb/Dfc), and tundra (ET) climates. Annual rainfall varies from low in arid basins to moderate in foothills, with dry conditions overall. Sunshine is abundant, but high humidity in valleys during summer can feel oppressive. Expats should prepare for extreme winter cold, altitude effects, and variable weather, making insulated housing and heating essential.