Mongolia, a landlocked nation with harsh continental climate, confronts significant environmental pressures. Ulaanbaatar suffers extreme winter air pollution from coal heating, while climate change drives rapid warming (2.2°C since 1940) and more frequent dzuds and droughts. Protected areas span 23% of territory, but mining and overgrazing threaten steppes and forests. Government pursues renewable energy targets and Paris Agreement commitments amid stable but poor air quality trends.