Mandatory occupational provident fund system for employees in firms with 15+ workers; lump-sum benefits at age 55 based on contributions plus interest. No universal state pension; coverage limited, voluntary for self-employed.

Lump-sum payouts depend on contribution history with no guaranteed replacement rate; inadequate for most as no universal pension exists and full responsibility falls on individuals, leading to potential poverty in retirement.

Limited public healthcare system with poor infrastructure, especially in rural areas; private care available but expensive and concentrated in urban centers like Port Moresby. Expats typically require private insurance for adequate access.