Politics & Government Guide
Political system, governance structure, stability indicators, and democratic institutions in Peru
Peru operates as a semi-presidential system with a weak executive branch dominated by a powerful Congress that controls budgeting, cabinet approvals, and key appointments. The 2024 constitutional reform reinstated bicameralism effective with the 2026 elections, further entrenching congressional power despite public opposition. The country faces severe political instability, having had seven presidents in nine years, with general elections scheduled for April 12, 2026.
Democracy Index
Moderate
Government Type
Semi-presidential representative democratic republic
Legal System
Civil law system based on 1993 Constitution with recent constitutional reforms
Head of State
President José Jerí(since 2025)
Head of Government
Prime Minister Gustavo Adrianzén(Independent)since 2024
Political Indicators
Democracy Index
Scale: 0-10
Hybrid regime
Economist Intelligence Unit (2024)
Legislature
Major Political Parties
Center-right
Right-wing
Left-wing
Voting Rights
All Peruvian citizens aged 18 and above are entitled and compelled to vote. Voting is mandatory for all eligible citizens.
Recent Developments
- Constitutional reform in 2024 reinstated bicameral legislature with 60-seat Senate and 130-seat Chamber of Deputies, reversing Alberto Fujimori's 1992 abolition of the upper chamber
- President Dina Boluarte removed from office by Congress in October 2025 on 'moral incapacity' grounds; José Jerí assumed presidency as seventh president in nine years
- Congress approved electoral reforms to encourage coalition-building, reducing threshold requirements for multi-party alliances to 5-6 percent
- Constitutional reforms enacted to grant Senate authority over appointments of electoral institution directors and Court of Auditors president
- Record party fragmentation with 43 political parties authorized to run in 2026 elections
More Insights for your Move to Peru
Comprehensive guides and data-driven analysis.
Budget & Expenses
Is your lifestyle affordable? From grocery prices to utility bills, see how costs compare to your home.
Read guideVisas & Residency
Don't get lost in bureaucracy. Understand fast-track investment paths and the residency process for expats.
Read guideCareer & Economy
Looking for a job or starting a company? Discover the local labor market and business opportunities.
Read guide