India, with a population exceeding 1.38 billion, grapples with severe environmental pressures from urbanization, industrialization, and climate change. Key issues include urban air pollution, water scarcity, frequent floods and cyclones, and biodiversity loss. Historical trends show average temperatures rising by about 0.6°C over the past 30 years, with extreme weather events intensifying. Government policies like the National Clean Air Programme and renewable energy targets aim to address these, though progress is uneven amid stable but concerning air quality trends.