Uganda, with a population of 45.7 million, grapples with environmental degradation driven by deforestation, climate variability, and population pressures. Average temperatures have risen 1.1°C since the 1960s, exacerbating floods, droughts, and landslides that displaced thousands in 2020 and 2023. Protected areas cover 8.9% of land, supporting biodiversity, but forest loss continues at 2% annually. Renewable energy constitutes 20% of electricity, primarily hydropower, with air quality stable but data limited. Sustainability efforts include NDCs under the Paris Agreement targeting 22 MtCO2e emissions reduction by 2030.