Multi-tier system with basic state pension (PAYG from budget), mandatory funded contributions (10% employer to Unified Accumulative Pension Fund, up to 75x minimum wage), and voluntary options. Retirement age 60 men/55 women; sustainability strained by 1:1.5 worker-to-pensioner ratio.

Old-age pension 55% of average earnings over 5 years for high/middle earners, minimum for low earners; deferred increases 1% per extra year. Disability and survivor benefits available, but low replacement rates and high pensioner ratio limit adequacy.

Basic public healthcare available to residents including foreigners, but quality limited with reliance on private options for better care. Employers often provide supplementary medical insurance; costs affordable but access issues in rural areas.