Vietnam faces significant environmental challenges from rapid industrialization, urbanization, and its vulnerability as a low-lying coastal nation. Urban air pollution exceeds WHO PM2.5 standards (29.7 µg/m³ national average 2025), water bodies are polluted by untreated industrial/agricultural waste, and climate change intensifies typhoons/floods. Forest cover ~42% supports biodiversity, but plastic waste leakage (4th globally) and deforestation persist. Policies target 15.5% renewables by 2030 and plastic reduction.